| Amazon Web Services | Hosting, database, storage, CDN origin infrastructure | Application, account, course, and operational data | EU primary: eu-central-1 |
| Stripe | Checkout, billing, invoices, refunds | Billing metadata and payment identifiers; card data stays with Stripe | EU/US with transfer safeguards |
| Brevo | Transactional and lifecycle email | Email address, name, message metadata | EU |
| Mixpanel EU | Consent-aware product analytics | Usage events, country or coarse region, device metadata | EU |
| Better Stack | Error monitoring and operational alerts | Error, request, and service metadata | EU where available |
| MaxMind | Server-side GeoIP resolution for consent and localization behavior | IP-derived country or region metadata | Provider-operated service |
| Google, GitHub, Apple, Facebook | Optional OAuth sign-in providers | Provider account identifiers and authentication metadata | Provider regions with transfer safeguards |
| Anthropic, OpenAI, Gemini | Optional AI sandbox and assistant model calls | User-submitted prompts and selected context for active AI features | Provider regions with transfer safeguards |
| CloudFront / WAF or CDN layer | Edge delivery and request protection | Request metadata and public asset delivery logs | Global edge, EU application origin |